I realize I am a couple of years behind, but I was finally able to buy a book I have wanted to read since I first heard of it:
Presuppositional Apologetics: Stated and Defended by Greg Bahnsen. The story behind the publication of this book is quite remarkable (the manuscript was lost behind a book case in Dr. Bahnsen's office for years!), but the content of the book is even more amazing.
Having gone to grad school at
Biola University, I did not encounter many (or any? Well, maybe one.) presuppositionalists. So, reading Bahnsen's book has been a bit of a breath of fresh air. Bahnsen puts forth an apologetic which is consistently Biblical and Reformed.
I've only read the first chapter, thus far, but what I hope to do is blog my notes on each chapter as I finish them. I hope this encourages those of you who have not read this book to do so, and I also hope to be able to return to my notes in the future to use a reference, since I have a strong feeling I will be referring to this book for a long time to come. (NOTE: I will use the blog label "PASD" on all posts related to Presuppositional Apologetics Stated and Defended to make it easier to find them!)
PRESUPPOSITIONAL APOLOGETICS: STATED AND DEFENDED
Greg Bahnsen
(edited by Joel McDurmon)
NOTES ON
Chapter 1: Introduction: God in the Dock?
Thesis of the Book: "The purpose of this treatise is to exhibit
presuppositional apologetics as the only faithful and sound method of
contending for the Christian hope and biblical message." (4)
Summary of Chapter 1
A Christian Apologetic MUST:
- Exalt Christ as Lord over all, including argumentation and reasoning (3)
- Be exercised upon the infallible and presupposed authority of the Word of Christ in Scripture (3)
- Start with Scripture coordinated with the Holy Spirit's inner testimony to the regenerate heart (5)
- NOTE: The theme of Scripture + Spirit runs throughout Chapter 1
- Submit to and adopt a revelational epistemology and scriptural apologetic that are honoring to God and powerful tools against unbelief (5)
- Be based on God's self-attesting revelation as the firm foundation of all knowledge (5)
- Call men to covenantal obedience in terms of God's Word and praying for the operation of the Holy Spirit (6)
- Interpret facts properly--that is as God interprets them--through the foundation of God's special revelation (6)
- Use reason in its legitimate function as a servant or tool of God's Word rather than its judge (6)
- Have a view of fulfilling the cultural mandate and being conformed to the image of the Savior by the power of Christ's Spirit (6)
- Apply the Christian presupposition by
- Bringing God's truth and commands to bear upon the lives of unbelievers (6-7)
- Doing an internal critique of the non-Christian's system (7)
- Partly consist of an aggressive offense (7)
- Seek the repentance of the sinner (7)
- Begin with the presupposition of the Bible's truth (10)
- Answer the question, "What standard should be utilized for guidance, judgment, and argument?" (11)
- The Holy Spirit speaking in Scripture (WCF 1.10)
- The inward work of the Holy Spirit bearing witness by and with the Word in our hearts (WCF 1.5)
- Have as the final criterion for the Christian in every department of his
thinking (theology and philosophy, proclamation and defense) the
self-attesting word of God. (12)
- Endeavor to demonstrate that without Christian presuppositions there is no intelligible use of facts and logic--human knowledge and interpretation fail instantly (14)
- Argue that the non-Christian's epistmology and corresponding metaphysic
not only prevent him from coming to faith in Christ, but they prevent him
(if held consistently) from coming to any knowledge whatsover. (15)
- Appeal to the necessity of Christianity's truth (15)
- Pit the unbelievers system of belief as a unit against the believer's system of thought as a unit (16) [NOTE: Worldview vs. worldview]
- Set forth its outlook by stressing the kind of God
to whom it is committed, the nature of the world in relation to God,
and the nature of man as God's creature (16).
- Be "Thinking God's thoughts after Him." (16)
- Work through the nature and implications of the unbeliever's worldview. (17)
- Make its point of contact the actual state of affairs: man as God's image, the suppressed knowledge of God, the world as totally revelatory of God (19)
- Show the unbeliever the irresolvable conflict between his espoused principles and
ours, and then argue that apart from the self-attesting Christ of
Scripture his thinking--based on autonomous presuppositions--loses
meaning, coherence, and intelligibility. (20)
- Call for the unbeliever's unconditional surrender (20)
- Defend Christianity as a complete worldview (21)
- Be transcendental in character (21)
- Show that Christianity is reasonable in virtue of the impossibility of the contrary (21)
- Apply the truth of God's revelation to the unbeliever by: (21)
- Setting forth the pervasive, positive evidence provided by God of His veracity
- Performing an internal critique of the unbeliever's worldview and
presuppositions so as to show that they destroy the possibility of human
knowledge
A Christian Apologetic MUST NOT:
- Take an unattached or neutral stance with respect to his faith in order to win the unbeliever over to Christ's authority (3)
- Seek to externally verify the Christian presupposition, but apply it (see 10 above) (6)
- Seek autonomously to verify God's Word. (9)
- Settle for the conclusion that Christianity is possibly, perhaps probably, true. (15)
- Make its point of contact a "religious neutral" common ground, nor facts and logic as the unbeliever falsely conceives them. (19)
- Consent that the facts have been properly interpreted unless the
certainty of Scripture's truth is our conclusion--not merely its
probable truth. (21)
- Error to one side or the other, as both Kuyper and Warfield did: (21-22)
- The antithesis between the natural mind and the regenerated mind, Kuyper saw, would produce opposing theories of knowledge (21)
- Kuyper drew the illegitimate inference that apologetics was virtually useless
- Apologetics and communication with the unbeliever, according to
Kuyper, were seen as hopeless because of the unbeliever's depravity
- Warfield drew the illegitimate inference that the natural man, using "right reason," could interpret and judge the revelation of God correctly. (22)
Notes on Specific Sections of Chapter 1
Autonomy vs. Revelational Authority (4-7)
- Natural theology that reasons autonomously from logical and/or empirical grounds to God results in an exclusion of revelational necessity and authority. (4)
- Man suppresses the Truth in unrighteousness (4)
- History of the downfall of apologetics (5)
- God's self-attesting revelation must be taken as the firm foundation of all knowledge (5)
- Systems of philosophy to be wary of (6)
- Rationalism and Empiricism (6)
- The only proper starting point for an adequate theology and apologetic is God's special revelation; only upon this necessary, sufficient, authoritative, and clear foundation can any fact receive a proper interpretation--God's interpretation. (6)
Who Shall Judge (7-10)
- We defend a genuine system of authority that cannot be known except by divine revelation; this inscripturated Word from God stands in judgment over all and is itself to be judged by no one. (7-8)
- The submission to this authoritative revelation is caused, not by impudent reasoning, but by the Holy Spirit. (8)
- J. I. Packer, "...transcending reason's power to verify..." (8)
- The fact that God has delivered redemptive special revelation should itself indicate to us that we cannot overture the unregenerate to use principles of logic and science rooted in natural revelation (which he suppresses in unrighteousness) to evaluate the Bible. (8)
- Abraham Kuyper, "The psychiater, who treats the maniac, cannot render his method of treatment dependent upon the judgment of his patient." (8)
- John Murray, "This is just saying that rational demonstration is not he ground of faith...God alone is adequate witness to himself." (9-10)
- Faith and Reason (10):
- Faith precedes and undergrids any and all genuine understanding by the human intellect. (10)
- Faith is not established upon the groundworkings of reason, but vice versa.
- Human understanding can never be made the verification of faith since without faith there is no proper understanding available to man whereby he might judge.
- Augustine, "I believe in order to understand."
- Scripture is an absolutely necessary presupposition, the assurance of which is produced by the Holy Spirit.
By What Standard? (10-20)
- John Calvin (11):
- Scripture is self-authenticated; hence it is not right to subject it to proof and reasoning.
- The certainty it attains by the testimony of the Spirit
- We seek no proofs, no marks of genuineness upon which our judgment may lean.
- Central question: What standard should be utilized for guidance, judgment, and argument? (11-12)
- The Holy Spirit speaking in Scripture (WCF 1.10)
- The inward work of the Holy Spirit bearing witness by and with the Word in our hearts (WCF 1.5)
- This self-attesting revelation of God is objectively true and authoritative, even though subjective persuasion about it comes only by the internal testimony of the Holy Spirit (12)
- By the standard of God's self-attesting word. (12)
- The final criterion for the Christian in every department of his thinking (theology and philosophy, proclamation and defense) is the self-attesting word of God. (12)
The Insufficiency of Traditional Methods (13-15)
- All facts and logic must support the truth of Christianity (13)
- Facts are unintelligible and without meaningful interpretation apart from Christianity (13)
- Christianity is the only reasonable outlook available to men (13)
- Fideism says Christianity is not a matter of reason (13)
- Endeavor to demonstrate that without Christian presuppositions there is
no intelligible use of facts and logic--human knowledge and
interpretation fail instantly (14)
- Unbeliever is not uncommitted and neutral from the outset (14)
- Unbeliever has been begging the question (14)
- Nobody is a disinterested observer (14)
- All men have presuppositional commitments prior to their examination of various hypotheses (14)
- Only within the context of the Christian world view could the unbeliever know anything at all (14)
- We must argue that the non-Christian's epistemology and corresponding metaphysic not only prevent him from coming to faith in Christ, but they prevent him (if held consistently) from coming to any knowledge whatsoever. (15)
- Appeal to the necessity of Christianity's truth (15)
The Necessity of a Presuppositional Apologetic (15-18)
- Neutrality is unattainable (15)
- There are no facts or uses of reason which are available outside of the interpretive system of basic commitments or assumptions which appeals to them (15)
- Thus there can be no direct proof offered for the truth of either perspective (15)
- The argument must pit the unbelievers system of belief as a unit against the believer's system of thought as a unit (16) [NOTE: Worldview vs. worldview]
- When the Christian sets forth his outlook he will stress the kind of God to whom he is committed, the nature of the world in relation to God, and the nature of man as God's creature (16).
- The standard of meaning and truth is always the mind of God (16).
- "Thinking God's thoughts after Him." (16)
- The fall did not take away man's reasoning and moral decision-making; it removed their perfection, giving them a new perverted direction (16)
- All of reality (every aspect thereof) must now be seen correctively through the instruction of Scripture (16).
- Scriptural revelation is necessary for man, authoritative over man, and communicated clearly to man. (16)
- Because everything outside the Bible derives its meaning and intelligibility from what is infallibly taught only in the Bible, nothing outside the Bible is in a position to verify it independently and self-sufficiently (17).
- Facts and logic will not be intelligible and used correctly apart from submission to the truth of Scripture. (17)
- Christ is the necessary starting point for knowledge (17).
- Facts and logic are meaningful and useful to man within the context of Christ's word. (17)
- The apologist must work through the nature and implications of the unbeliever's worldview. (17)
- As a creature he can and does use his mind to know things. (17)
- As fallen he will not--and morally cannot--love God, profess knowledge of Him, or reason in a way that is subject to the authority of God's revelation. (17)
- The unbeliever sees (18):
- The world as contingent
- The standards of logic as abstract
- Himself as autonomous
- The world as religiously neutral
- The unbeliever will consider his thinking and interpretation to be normal and normative (18)
- An insurmountable tension exists between the contingent, diverse, fluctuating, chance character of his experience and history and the necessary, uniform, unchanging, regular character of his reasoning principles. (18)
Christ the Only Foundation for Reasoning (18-20)
- How should the unbeliever decide whether or not to receive the word of God in Scripture as true? In attempting to decide for himself and on his own standards, he will have already decided against the God who is revealed in Scripture, who makes the unqualified and unchallengeable claim that all thinking must be subordinate to Him. (18)
- The unbeliever will charge Christianity with being unfactual or illogical (19)
- While asserting that no one can know anything for sure, he will claim to know that Christianity must be false! (19)
- We always have a point of contact (19)
- Not a common ground which is religiously neutral, nor is it facts and logic as he falsely conceives them (19)
- The point of contact is the actual state of affairs (19)
- The unbeliever is able to think correctly about our argumentation and is always accessible to the gracious work of God's Spirit (19)
- No fact can be understood, and no reasoning can be meaningful, apart from Christ as the Creator and Redeemer of men. (19)
- Faith in the self-attesting Christ of Scripture is the beginning, not the end result, of wisdom. (20)
- In debating with the unbeliever we will need to show him the irresolvable conflict between his espoused principles and ours, and then argue that apart from the self-attesting Christ of Scripture his thinking--based on autonomous presuppositions--loses meaning, coherence, and intelligibility. (20)
Developing a Faithful Apologetic (20-23)
- Van Til urges us to call for the unbeliever's unconditional surrender (20)
- Van Til renounces the claims of neutrality and will not consent that the facts have been properly interpreted unless the certainty of Scripture's truth is our conclusion--not merely its probable truth. (21)
- The truth of God's Word is the precondition of intelligibility for man's thinking and interpretive efforts (21)
- The Christian apologist wishes to show that Christianity is reasonable in virtue of the impossibility of the contrary (21)
- Van Til applies the truth of that revelation to the unbeliever by: (21)
- 1. Setting forth the pervasive, positive evidence provided by God of His veracity
- 2. Performing an internal critique of the unbeliever's worldview and presuppositions so as to show that they destroy the possibility of human knowledge
- The antithesis between the natural mind and the regenerated mind, Kuyper saw, would produce opposing theories of knowledge (21)
- Kuyper drew the illegitimate inference that apologetics was virtually useless
- Apologetics and communication with the unbeliever, according to Kuyper, were seen as hopeless because of the unbeliever's depravity
- Warfield drew the illegitimate inference that the natural man, using "right reason," could interpret and judge the revelation of God correctly. (22)
- Apologetics is definitely useful, for the unbeliever is still a creature made in God's image and God has made His revelation manifest to all men. (22)
- Other apologetical systems either fail to be genuinely presuppositional, or their presuppositions fail to be genuinely biblical (23)
- They seek a neutral common ground
- They are too concessive to the unbeliever
- They aim to show Christianity as probably true.
- Those who do not utilize the transcendental kind of defense found in Van Til's presuppositionalism treat Christianity as a viable hypothesis to be considered by the unbeliever and tested according to certain standards: logical coherence, empirical evidence, personal utility, or a combination of them all. (23)
